History of Biological Control
History of biological control has actually started long before biological control is defined sense. Egypt in 2000 BC communities have kept cats to control mice that invade their crops. In China, ants Oecophylla smaragdina has been used for control of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera pests on citrus cultivation since 324 BC. The way is still used in northern Myanmar until the 1950's. At present, biological control has been much progress, but not without experiencing high tide and low tide.
In its development until today, the history of biological control can devided into three periods as follows:
1) the initial period, since the use of a cat to catch mice by the Ancient Egyptians until around 1887.
2) The period of the middle, since the implementation of biological control program using the beetle vedalia (Rodolia cardinalis) to control fleas Icerya purchasi scales on citrus in California in 1888 to 1955.
3) the modern period, since 1955, which is characterized by the design of biological control programs are carefully until now.
That biological control was first exploited predator. Cat (Felis Catus) are utilized by the Ancient Egyptians, ant (Oecophyla smaragdina) by the Chinese, and then Acridotheres trictis parrot is being introduced from India to Mauritius to control locusts, red wanderer Nomadacris septemfasciata in 1770, it is a predator. Predator was first successfully used to control pests is widely pentatomid Picomerus bidens to control bedbugs Cimex lectularius in Europe in 1776.
New parasitoid is known in the late sixteenth century. In 1602, U. Aldrovandi has published his observations on Apanteles glomeratus cocoons attached to the body of Pieris brassicae larvae, but makes the mistake of stating that the eggs of insect cocoons. In 1662, Johannes Goedaert publish his book, Metamorphosis et Historia Naturalis Insectorum, which contains many pictures of parasitoids and mentioned that the small flies out of the pupa of a butterfly. The correct interpretation of the publication Goedaert given by Martin Lister, a British physician, in a letter published in The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London published 1670-71 by stating that the flies that come out of the pupa is the offspring of flies that lay their eggs ikneumonid in the larvae of P. brassicae. However, the person who first gives a very clear explanation of the phenomenon of parasitism is a Dutch microbiologist, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, through a letter to The Royal Society which was later published in the Philosophical Transactions, published in 1701. In the publication, van Leeuwenhoek clearly outlines the insects - which can then be determined as Aphidius ribis - the memarasit Cryptomyzus ribis. Nevertheless, the first person interprets this phenomenon as parasitism is Vallisnieri in 1706.
By 1800, Erasmus Darwin describes the role of predators and parasitoids in controlling pest insect populations. A German national, Hartig, advocated the collection of parasitoid flies terparasitasi for mass release in 1827. A decade later, an Austrian national, Kollar, introduced the concept of natural control (natural control). From 1837 until 1852, the other a German, Ratzeburg, conducts research on forest insects and their parasites and publish ichneumon-Insekten der Forst, but did not consider necessary augmentative release to control forest insect pests.
In 1856, Asa Fitch from the state of New York, recommends import of European parasitoids to control Contarinia tritici that attack wheat. In 1860, the parasite ordered but never received in the United States.
At the same time, Benjamin Walsh of the state of Illinois to import natural enemies to control exotic pests in there, but failed. However, Walsh was able to persuade Charles V. Riley in the state of Misouri, which in 1870 successfully used to control Conotrachelus nenuphar parasitoid. In 1871, LeBaron infested apple tree branches moving insects that diparasitasi Aphytis mytilaspidis from Galena to Geneva in the state of Illinois. Riley sends predator mites, Tyroglyphus phylloxerae, to France for the control of Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifolii, in orange. Mites had settled in France, but did not give satisfactory control results. Cross-country shipment of insect predators first occurred in 1874, when Coccinella undecimpunctata sent from England to New Zealand and had established there.
Cross-country shipments of parasitoids occurred in 1882, when Trichogramma sp. shipped from the United States to control lepidoptera pests in Canada, but the parasitoid inter-continental delivery occurred in 1883 when the USDA import Apanteles glomeratus of England to control P. rapae in Washington DC, Iowa, Nebraska, and Misouri.
Silkworm disease was unknown in the eighteenth century, when the bee disease has been known by the Romans and the Greeks long before. Vallisnieri was the first to call muscardine on silkworm disease, but the discovery of the insect pathogenic fungus as had happened in 1726 when de Réaumur create illustrations Cordyceps fungus that infects insects noktuid.
The first experimental evidence of the disease in insects is given by Agustino Bassi who in 1837 successfully demonstrated the fungus Beauveria bassiana as a cause of disease in silkworms muscardine. On the basis of these studies, Basi was the first to advocate the use of microbes to control insect pests. Then, in 1874, Louis Pasteur suggested the use of microbes to control Phylloxera on grapes in France. But both these recommendations are not followed up on the field. In 1879, Elie Metchnikoff published research results on the use of Metarrhizium Anisopilia austriaca anisopliae to control, an important pest on cereal crops in the area of Odessa, Russia, to conclude that M. anisopliae, when it can be mass produced and deployed in the field, able to control A. austriaca. Based on these results Metchnikoff, M. anisopliae and then mass produced in Ukraine in 1884 and used to control Cleonus punctiventris on sugar beet. New biological control of weeds is recommended even in 1855, when, after observing that the weed from Europe on pasture in the state of New York was not attacked by insects that are there, Asa Fitch recommends importing insects that attack the weeds from the place of origin.
New weed biological control began in 1863, when Dactylopius ceylonicus spread from North India to South India to control the cactus Opuntia vulgaris. Once imported into Sri Lanka, in 1865 succeeded in controlling the insect cactus O. vulgaris in large areas there.
The phenomenon of biological control is alleged to have used by the Aztecs in 1519 to control plant pathogens in aquaculture chinampas (floating island) in the lakes that surround their settlements in Tenochtitlán, now Mexico City. On floating islands are thought to develop Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and are antagonistic to the pathogen Fusarium land dwellers.
In 1874, W. Robert found that scours Penicillium spp. can inhibit the growth of new bacteria and in 1928 Sir Alexander Fleming was able to isolate penicillin as an antibiotic. Since then, various other antibiotics were isolated, generally of microbial saprofitik.
Modern period in the history of biological control began when CV Riley began to control cottony cushion scale biological, Icerya purchasi, an important pest of citrus in California. This pest was first entered California in Menlo Park at around 1868 and quickly became an important pest that threatens citrus cultivation started in the state. Riley thought the pest came from Australia, so in 1888, he sent Albert Koebele to explore the natural enemies of pests are there. Koebele then sends the parasitoid Diptera 12 000 individuals and 129 individuals Cryptochaetum iceryae vedalia Rodolia cardinalis beetle. C. iceryae managed to control I. purchasi in the interior, while R. cardinalis on the coast of California. The success of the encourages Riley Koebele sent back to Australia to explore the parasite to other pests. Upon his return from Australia in 1889, Koebele was dismissed from his job and in 1893 moved to Hawaii and worked for. The success of biological control of I. Riley delivers purchasi regarded as the father of modern biological control. But along with the excesses of attention in biological control, pest control methods other less attention in California. In 1894, L.O. Howard replaced Riley as Head of Entomology Division of USDA and because of problems of underdevelopment of the other control methods cause less supportive of the view of biological control. Nevertheless, in 1899 George Compere was appointed as a civil servant assigned to the first specific biological control work. He worked until 1910 and managed to send a lot of beneficial insects into California from around the world.
His son, Harold Comepere also dedicated his life in the field of biological control in California. In 1911, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner managed to find the cause of the deadly disease in the Mediterranean flour moth. In 1913, Harry Scott Smith was appointed as head of state in Sacramento Insectarium. USDA biological control lab built in France in 1919. UK firm to build the Laboratory of Entomology Farnham House in 1927 which has since 1928 led by WR Thompson. In 1923, biological control activities in the California Citrus Research Station is centered at the Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture and the University of California at Riverside (UCR). At UCR, biological control work originally done at the Beneficial Insects Research Division and then in 1947, after the 1945 Smith opened a similar facility in Albany at the University of California at Berkeley (UCB), is converted into the Division of Biological Control by Smith as Head of Division . Under the leadership of Smith, incorporated Chrysolina beetles from Australia to control weeds that marked the beginning of Klamath weed biological control in California in 1944. At UCB, Edward Steinhaus open lab and make the first insect pathology curriculum in 1947. Then he moved to the University of Califonia at Irvine (UCI) and develop a similar program there until the sudden death in 1968. Biological Control Section at the UCR changed to the Department of Biological Control in 1954. The department is a center for education and research of biological control is very famous in the 1962's, particularly in the field of classical biological control.
After moving to Hawaii, in 1902 Koebele went to Mexico and Central America to explore insects on Lantana camara fitofag under the leadership of RCL Perkins. In 1904, Perkins was appointed as head of Sugarcane Leafhopper Project (1904-1920). Frederick Muir, who was hired after falling ill Koebele, in 1920 managed to find a very effective predator, Tytthus (= Cyrtorhinus) mundulus, in Queensland, Australia.
World War II led to the cessation of development of biological control. Having found a cheap synthetic insecticides during World War II, research entomologists turned sharply to the control of chemical and biological control research is becoming obsolete. Even at the urging professors background chemical control, biological control status for the department at UCR in 1969 was lowered to the division and in 1989, the division was even abolished. At UCB, also the status of biological control division at the Department of Entomology, but the professor there succeeded in obtaining a guarantee to work with minimum intervention by the department. Biological control regained attention in the United States after the chemical control of pests shown to cause various problems, health, and environment.
Outside the United States, Office of the Kingdom of parasites in Trinidad, West Indies, in 1947 changed to the Bureau of the Commonwealth for Biological Control and in 1951 again changed to the Commonwealth Institute for Biological Control (Commonwealth Institute for Biological Control, CIBC). In 1955, established Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique Enemis les des Cultures (CILB) in Zurich, Switzerland in 1962 changed its name to the Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique contre les les Animaux et Plantes Nuisibles better known as the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) .
Biological control of plant pathogens also developed during the medieval period to modern, especially after the nineteenth century. In 1921, Hartley found that 30% of the seeds that grow in sterile soil and then inoculated with a mixture of Pythium damping debaryanum experience sprouts, whereas when inoculated with a mixture of P. debaryanum with Phoma, Chaetomium, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Rosellinia, and Penicillium, fall germination dropped to 16.9%. Sanford and Broadfoot in 1931 first used the term biological control of plant pathogens to control, after the previous term was first used by the HS Smith in 1919 to control insect pests. During 1931-1941, found that Trichoderma viride Weindling antagonistic against pathogenic soil inhabitants and successfully isolated from T. viridin viride and Gliocladium virens gliotoksin of which is active against Rhizoctonia solani. In 1933, Reinking and Manns introduced the concept of suppressive for clay soil that is not occupied by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, the cause of Panama disease in bananas. Suppressive soil is concerned with microbial antagonists because, in 1968 Gerlagh successfully demonstrated the suppressive soil to be conducive to the development of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in wheat.
In its development until today, the history of biological control can devided into three periods as follows:
1) the initial period, since the use of a cat to catch mice by the Ancient Egyptians until around 1887.
2) The period of the middle, since the implementation of biological control program using the beetle vedalia (Rodolia cardinalis) to control fleas Icerya purchasi scales on citrus in California in 1888 to 1955.
3) the modern period, since 1955, which is characterized by the design of biological control programs are carefully until now.
That biological control was first exploited predator. Cat (Felis Catus) are utilized by the Ancient Egyptians, ant (Oecophyla smaragdina) by the Chinese, and then Acridotheres trictis parrot is being introduced from India to Mauritius to control locusts, red wanderer Nomadacris septemfasciata in 1770, it is a predator. Predator was first successfully used to control pests is widely pentatomid Picomerus bidens to control bedbugs Cimex lectularius in Europe in 1776.
New parasitoid is known in the late sixteenth century. In 1602, U. Aldrovandi has published his observations on Apanteles glomeratus cocoons attached to the body of Pieris brassicae larvae, but makes the mistake of stating that the eggs of insect cocoons. In 1662, Johannes Goedaert publish his book, Metamorphosis et Historia Naturalis Insectorum, which contains many pictures of parasitoids and mentioned that the small flies out of the pupa of a butterfly. The correct interpretation of the publication Goedaert given by Martin Lister, a British physician, in a letter published in The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London published 1670-71 by stating that the flies that come out of the pupa is the offspring of flies that lay their eggs ikneumonid in the larvae of P. brassicae. However, the person who first gives a very clear explanation of the phenomenon of parasitism is a Dutch microbiologist, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, through a letter to The Royal Society which was later published in the Philosophical Transactions, published in 1701. In the publication, van Leeuwenhoek clearly outlines the insects - which can then be determined as Aphidius ribis - the memarasit Cryptomyzus ribis. Nevertheless, the first person interprets this phenomenon as parasitism is Vallisnieri in 1706.
By 1800, Erasmus Darwin describes the role of predators and parasitoids in controlling pest insect populations. A German national, Hartig, advocated the collection of parasitoid flies terparasitasi for mass release in 1827. A decade later, an Austrian national, Kollar, introduced the concept of natural control (natural control). From 1837 until 1852, the other a German, Ratzeburg, conducts research on forest insects and their parasites and publish ichneumon-Insekten der Forst, but did not consider necessary augmentative release to control forest insect pests.
In 1856, Asa Fitch from the state of New York, recommends import of European parasitoids to control Contarinia tritici that attack wheat. In 1860, the parasite ordered but never received in the United States.
At the same time, Benjamin Walsh of the state of Illinois to import natural enemies to control exotic pests in there, but failed. However, Walsh was able to persuade Charles V. Riley in the state of Misouri, which in 1870 successfully used to control Conotrachelus nenuphar parasitoid. In 1871, LeBaron infested apple tree branches moving insects that diparasitasi Aphytis mytilaspidis from Galena to Geneva in the state of Illinois. Riley sends predator mites, Tyroglyphus phylloxerae, to France for the control of Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifolii, in orange. Mites had settled in France, but did not give satisfactory control results. Cross-country shipment of insect predators first occurred in 1874, when Coccinella undecimpunctata sent from England to New Zealand and had established there.
Cross-country shipments of parasitoids occurred in 1882, when Trichogramma sp. shipped from the United States to control lepidoptera pests in Canada, but the parasitoid inter-continental delivery occurred in 1883 when the USDA import Apanteles glomeratus of England to control P. rapae in Washington DC, Iowa, Nebraska, and Misouri.
Silkworm disease was unknown in the eighteenth century, when the bee disease has been known by the Romans and the Greeks long before. Vallisnieri was the first to call muscardine on silkworm disease, but the discovery of the insect pathogenic fungus as had happened in 1726 when de Réaumur create illustrations Cordyceps fungus that infects insects noktuid.
The first experimental evidence of the disease in insects is given by Agustino Bassi who in 1837 successfully demonstrated the fungus Beauveria bassiana as a cause of disease in silkworms muscardine. On the basis of these studies, Basi was the first to advocate the use of microbes to control insect pests. Then, in 1874, Louis Pasteur suggested the use of microbes to control Phylloxera on grapes in France. But both these recommendations are not followed up on the field. In 1879, Elie Metchnikoff published research results on the use of Metarrhizium Anisopilia austriaca anisopliae to control, an important pest on cereal crops in the area of Odessa, Russia, to conclude that M. anisopliae, when it can be mass produced and deployed in the field, able to control A. austriaca. Based on these results Metchnikoff, M. anisopliae and then mass produced in Ukraine in 1884 and used to control Cleonus punctiventris on sugar beet. New biological control of weeds is recommended even in 1855, when, after observing that the weed from Europe on pasture in the state of New York was not attacked by insects that are there, Asa Fitch recommends importing insects that attack the weeds from the place of origin.
New weed biological control began in 1863, when Dactylopius ceylonicus spread from North India to South India to control the cactus Opuntia vulgaris. Once imported into Sri Lanka, in 1865 succeeded in controlling the insect cactus O. vulgaris in large areas there.
The phenomenon of biological control is alleged to have used by the Aztecs in 1519 to control plant pathogens in aquaculture chinampas (floating island) in the lakes that surround their settlements in Tenochtitlán, now Mexico City. On floating islands are thought to develop Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and are antagonistic to the pathogen Fusarium land dwellers.
In 1874, W. Robert found that scours Penicillium spp. can inhibit the growth of new bacteria and in 1928 Sir Alexander Fleming was able to isolate penicillin as an antibiotic. Since then, various other antibiotics were isolated, generally of microbial saprofitik.
Modern period in the history of biological control began when CV Riley began to control cottony cushion scale biological, Icerya purchasi, an important pest of citrus in California. This pest was first entered California in Menlo Park at around 1868 and quickly became an important pest that threatens citrus cultivation started in the state. Riley thought the pest came from Australia, so in 1888, he sent Albert Koebele to explore the natural enemies of pests are there. Koebele then sends the parasitoid Diptera 12 000 individuals and 129 individuals Cryptochaetum iceryae vedalia Rodolia cardinalis beetle. C. iceryae managed to control I. purchasi in the interior, while R. cardinalis on the coast of California. The success of the encourages Riley Koebele sent back to Australia to explore the parasite to other pests. Upon his return from Australia in 1889, Koebele was dismissed from his job and in 1893 moved to Hawaii and worked for. The success of biological control of I. Riley delivers purchasi regarded as the father of modern biological control. But along with the excesses of attention in biological control, pest control methods other less attention in California. In 1894, L.O. Howard replaced Riley as Head of Entomology Division of USDA and because of problems of underdevelopment of the other control methods cause less supportive of the view of biological control. Nevertheless, in 1899 George Compere was appointed as a civil servant assigned to the first specific biological control work. He worked until 1910 and managed to send a lot of beneficial insects into California from around the world.
His son, Harold Comepere also dedicated his life in the field of biological control in California. In 1911, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner managed to find the cause of the deadly disease in the Mediterranean flour moth. In 1913, Harry Scott Smith was appointed as head of state in Sacramento Insectarium. USDA biological control lab built in France in 1919. UK firm to build the Laboratory of Entomology Farnham House in 1927 which has since 1928 led by WR Thompson. In 1923, biological control activities in the California Citrus Research Station is centered at the Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture and the University of California at Riverside (UCR). At UCR, biological control work originally done at the Beneficial Insects Research Division and then in 1947, after the 1945 Smith opened a similar facility in Albany at the University of California at Berkeley (UCB), is converted into the Division of Biological Control by Smith as Head of Division . Under the leadership of Smith, incorporated Chrysolina beetles from Australia to control weeds that marked the beginning of Klamath weed biological control in California in 1944. At UCB, Edward Steinhaus open lab and make the first insect pathology curriculum in 1947. Then he moved to the University of Califonia at Irvine (UCI) and develop a similar program there until the sudden death in 1968. Biological Control Section at the UCR changed to the Department of Biological Control in 1954. The department is a center for education and research of biological control is very famous in the 1962's, particularly in the field of classical biological control.
After moving to Hawaii, in 1902 Koebele went to Mexico and Central America to explore insects on Lantana camara fitofag under the leadership of RCL Perkins. In 1904, Perkins was appointed as head of Sugarcane Leafhopper Project (1904-1920). Frederick Muir, who was hired after falling ill Koebele, in 1920 managed to find a very effective predator, Tytthus (= Cyrtorhinus) mundulus, in Queensland, Australia.
World War II led to the cessation of development of biological control. Having found a cheap synthetic insecticides during World War II, research entomologists turned sharply to the control of chemical and biological control research is becoming obsolete. Even at the urging professors background chemical control, biological control status for the department at UCR in 1969 was lowered to the division and in 1989, the division was even abolished. At UCB, also the status of biological control division at the Department of Entomology, but the professor there succeeded in obtaining a guarantee to work with minimum intervention by the department. Biological control regained attention in the United States after the chemical control of pests shown to cause various problems, health, and environment.
Outside the United States, Office of the Kingdom of parasites in Trinidad, West Indies, in 1947 changed to the Bureau of the Commonwealth for Biological Control and in 1951 again changed to the Commonwealth Institute for Biological Control (Commonwealth Institute for Biological Control, CIBC). In 1955, established Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique Enemis les des Cultures (CILB) in Zurich, Switzerland in 1962 changed its name to the Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique contre les les Animaux et Plantes Nuisibles better known as the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) .
Biological control of plant pathogens also developed during the medieval period to modern, especially after the nineteenth century. In 1921, Hartley found that 30% of the seeds that grow in sterile soil and then inoculated with a mixture of Pythium damping debaryanum experience sprouts, whereas when inoculated with a mixture of P. debaryanum with Phoma, Chaetomium, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Rosellinia, and Penicillium, fall germination dropped to 16.9%. Sanford and Broadfoot in 1931 first used the term biological control of plant pathogens to control, after the previous term was first used by the HS Smith in 1919 to control insect pests. During 1931-1941, found that Trichoderma viride Weindling antagonistic against pathogenic soil inhabitants and successfully isolated from T. viridin viride and Gliocladium virens gliotoksin of which is active against Rhizoctonia solani. In 1933, Reinking and Manns introduced the concept of suppressive for clay soil that is not occupied by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, the cause of Panama disease in bananas. Suppressive soil is concerned with microbial antagonists because, in 1968 Gerlagh successfully demonstrated the suppressive soil to be conducive to the development of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in wheat.
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